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3 WHAT WORK DO CHILDREN DO?

Child labour takes many varied forms.

IN CASE OF BANGLADESH

There are significant differences between the urban and the rural areas when speaking about child labour. In rural areas the main occupation is farming. About 80% of rural children (53% boys and 47% girls) work in agriculture, often with their families on their own small farms or, in the case of landless families, on the farms of others. Other children are involved in some kind of rural industry, such as weaving, or in various kinds of selling. Girls spend about 70% of their time on housework, taking care of the house and their siblings.

In urban areas, activities are much more diverse. Whereas rural children are engaged in about 90 types of agricultural and non-agricultural activities, urban children are found working in about 300 types of economic activities .(1) Vending or selling various goods and services is the predominant activity. Rougly 60% is attached to shops, hotels etc; The rest work in small stalls or are mobile small-scale sellers. Almost all are boys. Another very large occupation is domestic service. Huge numbers of girls live and work in other people's homes as maids. Nobody knows how many domestic servants there are exactly, but it is very high indeed. Estimates for Dhaka alone range from 200.000 to one million, of which almost all are girls. Scavengers are probably the third largest group. An estimated 100.000 waste collectors of various kinds in Dhaka roam around rubbish dumps or wander the streets. Up to one-third are girls. Workers in small informal factories are almost all boys. The younger boys are to be found in industries such as jewellery and shoes. Older boys are more likely to be found in places as welding, automobile and engineering workshops, as well as in the furniture, glass and electrical wire industries. Only a very small proportion of working children work in garment or other factories producing for export. Other occupations include brick breakers (boys and girls), porters (mostly boys) and prostitutes (mostly girls) .(2)

About 78% of the child domestic servants are girls. They perform all kinds of domestic work such as sweeping, washing clothes, cleaning dishes, cooking, grinding spices, looking after babies, making beds, shopping, accompanying children to school etc. Their remuneration ranges from taka 80 - 400 per month. Some young newcomers do not get any salary for the first few months. In most of the cases the money is handed over to their parents. The domestic servants are on the contrary provided with food, clothes and accommodation by their employer. They generally work 16-17 hours a day. But sometimes they work up to 18-19 hours a day. A few can take a rest and watch television for some time during their long working hours. The educational background is very poor: Most are illiterate (Rahman, 1997).

HOW LONG DO THEY WORK FOR WHAT WAGE?

There is a wide variety in working hours of working children. Data from the Rapid Assessment Survey reveals that 65% of the interviewed child workers work 9 to 14 hours a day. In rural areas where agricultural work of which most is highly seasonal prevail, long hours during peak periods alternate with much less hours during slack seasons. Domestic servants may make the longest hours. Sometimes they work up to 18-19 hours a day. It is hard to say just how many hours children can work without having such negative effects because that depends on many things such as how hard the work is.

Not all children work for cash. Some children are paid in kind such as food, lodging or clothes. Children in urban areas generally earn more than children in rural areas. Many households are dependent on their children's income to a significant extent. Monthly income varies from taka 200 to 1500 in exceptional cases. The average monthly income of self-employed children is taka 797, while average monthly income of child workers employed by others is taka 362 . (3) Generally, children's wages do increase as they grow older.

There is considerable variation in payment in between various types of employment. Even for prostitutes, usually one of the best paid occupations, there can be a broad range, from those working as slaves for pimps receiving almost nothing, to girls working alone who can earn up to taka 1500 per day.

IS WORKING IN A GARMENT FACTORY HAZARDOUS OR NOT?

Hazardous work can be considered work that is unsafe or that threatens children's health and development. The garment industry employs only a tiny fraction of the total number of child workers. The vast majority of children work in the informal sector where conditions are far worse. However, young garment workers are most widely discussed. These children do also work under harsh conditions, but alternatives generally are far worse.

Garment factory work is usually not physically hazardous, but children usually work hours that keep them out of the school and that may be exhausting for the younger. In some factories children are treated harshly by the managers which can be damaging to children. Working children consider garment work to be amongst the very best jobs they can find because it pays better, has shorter hours, has easier working conditions and has more chance for advancement than almost any other work children can find. Very few work with machines, almost all do light work that has no inherent physical dangers .(4)

Children, as young as 10, start as a helper in the garment factories. They fetch and carry fabrics, cuffs, buttons and finished garments through the factory between the cutters, seamstresses and packers. After a few years working as a helper, they start working on the machines.

Abul Fayez came to Dhaka with his three sons after his farmland was flooded. Now they break bricks into gravel. Even so his youngest boy Bilal Hossain (10 years). They start to work at 6 am and finish about 12 years later. Per day, they barely earn enough to buy two meals a day. Without the help of Bilal, they wouldn't make enough to survive. Bilal himself of course wants more out of life; he wants to go to school and get a good job.

Hazardous child labour is the most unacceptable form of child labour such as children making brick or stone chips, or working in plastic, rubber or glass factories. In many cases the children are working without adequate safety measures like wearing gloves, protective shields and masks. Child domestic servants is an invisible labour force, but they are working in most labourious and exploitative situation. Child workers at night constitute an integral part of the child labour situation in Bangladesh. These child workers are found as cigarette sellers, fruit and peanut sellers, porters and prostitutes . (5)

Delwar Hossain is 12 years old. For a year he worked in a garment factory, 12 hours a day, pressing shirts and packing them for export. As a result of the pressure of groups campaigning to stop child labour, Delwar was fired. He now sells waste paper that he picks up along the road. Delwar and his mother live with his brother's family, eight people in a one-room hovel. Lately they have been skipping meals. For two months they weren't be able to pay the rent. In the garment factory, Delwar earned a wage of $20 a month. Delwar does not understand why he had to leave the factory.
  1. Rahman (Rapid Assessment Survey), 1997.
  2. Stalker, 1996 & Rahman, 1997
  3. Rahman, 1997
  4. Myers, 1998
  5. Rahman, 1997
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